Market Structures and Pricing Essay

Market structures and pricing Revenues Consumers * Inverse demand curve gives willingness-to-pay * Benefit consumer(s) derive(s) from additional good; * Area under inverse demand curve measures total willingness-to-pay, total benefit or total surplus. * Maximum price I can charge as producer determined by inverse demand function * Marginal revenues; revenue of next unit I sell Strategies * Profit maximization * Marginal profits equal to 0 (MR=MC) * Classic economic theory; entrepreneurial capitalism * Owner makes strategic decisions * Managerial capitalism; * Ownership changed * Control changed * Potential conflicts between shareholders and management * Firms got bigger: coordinate difficulties * Revenues maximization * Decreasing revenues bad for image * Financial institutions want certainty * Low revenues mean relatively high risk for suppliers * Low revenues may lead to budget cuts, including management * Bonus * MR=0 * Marketing effort * Managerial utility maximization * Managers maximize own satisfaction * Growth maximization * Long term strategy * Behavioral theories * Different groups, satisfy all groups to survive: satisfying * Altruistic objectives: public interest * Welfare maximization * What strategy is relevant? * Autonomy and income advancement * Successful business is most important personal objective * Growth objective * Profit maximization * Model * Economic profit ≠  accounting profit Market structures * Perfect competition * Monopolistic competition * Oligopoly * Monopoly Perfect competition * Many (small) suppliers and buyers: ‘price takes’ * Demand function for individual company * Products are perfect substitutes * Free entry and exit * Information is perfect (available to all no cost) * Free movement of products: supply responsive to market forces * Innovation exogenous: producers reactive rather than proactive. * Benchmark: Welfare is maximized (p=mc) * Efficiency * Productive efficiency: AC cannot be lower * MC curve passes though minimum of AC * Allocative efficiency: resources are distributed and used as preferred by consumers: P=MC * Pareto efficiency: no one can be made better off without making anyone else worse off. Monopoly One seller; can influence price (output) Price > marginal cost: economic inefficiency (although the firm itself may be efficient) * Barriers to entry * Initial costs * Sunk costs * Brand loyalty * Economies of scale * Patents and licenses * Anti-competitive behavior Revenues * Demand: Q * Inverse demand: P=a/b-1/b*Q * Revenues: R = P*Q = Q*a/b-1/b*Qâ‚‚ * Marginal revenue: ∂R/∂Q * Additional revenues from next unit sold * ∂R/∂Q = a/b-2/b*Q * Twice as steep as inverse demand * Positive if ÃŽ µÃ'€ < -1 * Demand is elastic (point-elastic) Natural monopoly * Market can only sustain 1 producer * Competition (P=MC): all competitors make a loss * P>MC: loss when P help to sustain monopoly or oligopoly * Government; policy regulation * Spatial pre-emption; new entrants do not have access to necessary inputs * Cost barriers * Reputation: customer loyalty, safety * Exit barriers: shrinking a firm is expensive (labor, capacity) * Entry-deterring strategies; pricing, spare-capacity, corporate deals (price discrimination) Oligopoly: non-corporate behavior * Competition based on output (quantity) or price. * Two basic oligopoly models: * Cournot (quantity competition) * Bertrand (price competition) * Cournot: firms determine output simultaneously, and the bring this to the market; * Bertrand: firms announce prices. Demand is allocated to low-price firm(s), who then produce(s) demand Cournot competition * Assumes that firms produce identical products * Demand: Q=a-b*P * Inverse demand: P=a/b-1/b*Q * Now we have 2 producers (duopoly): P=a/b-1/b*(Q1+Q2) * Profits maximized when MR=MC (Equivalent to monopolists), taking the competitors action as given. * Inverse demand: P=a/b-1/b*(Q1+Q2) * Revenues firm 1: R1=Q1*[a/b-1/b*(Q1+Q2)] * Marginal revenues: MR1=a/b-1/b*(2*Q1+Q2) * Equilibrium: MR1=MC1 * Expression in Q1 and Q2 * Similar expression for company 2 * MR1: ∂R1/∂Q1 = * P*∂Q1/∂Q1 + Q1*∂P/∂Q1 * P + ∂P/∂Q1*Q1 * 1 + (∂P/∂Q1*Q1/P)*P * (1+1/ÃŽ µp)*P * MR1=MC1: (1+1/ÃŽ µp)*P=MC1 * P=MC1/(1+1/ÃŽ µp) * Cournot oligopolist sets price above MC! * –Same for monopoly Bertrand oligopoly * Price competition (again assume identical goods) * Firms announce prices. Demand is allocated to low-price firm(s), who then produces demand. * If a firm sets above its competitor’s price, clients will prefer the competitors (identical goods). * Bertrand equilibrium is therefore equivalent to competitive equilibrium: price equals marginal cost. Price discrimination * Conditions: * Market power * Different groups of consumers (based on willingness-to-pay, demand elasticity etc.) -> segmentation * Resale is not possible * Cost of discrimination may not exceed additional profits * Market should be transparent. * Charge different (groups of) consumers different prices to maximize profits -> price discrimination * First, second and third degree First degree pricing discrimination * Perfect discrimination: each unit of output sold at different price; * Price determined by inverse demand curve; * What is the optimal output? Second degree price discrimination * Non-linear pricing: price depends on how much you buy; * Fundamentals; * Application; * Consumer decides on how much to buy; * Self selection constraints * 2 consumers each spends Ri to receive Xi * Buy Xi if benefitsi (Xi)-Ri >0 * Benefits 1 (X1)-R1> benefits1 (X2)-r2 * Benefits 2 (X2)-R2> benefits2 (X2)-r1 * Consider an individual demand function (for convenience, marginal costs are 0) * Monopolists want to supply X1 at a total price of A * Consider two individual demand functions * Monopolist would like to supply X1 at A+B+C and X2 at A * But: if consumer 1 also purchase X2 at a price of A, he/she will get surplus B (self selection) * If the monopolists would charge A+C for X1, consumer 1 gets surplus B and the monopolist higher profits. Can the monopolist get higher profits? * Make X2 unattractive for consumer 1` * Offering less of X2 (loss of monopolist) allows for higher profits from X1. Third degree price discrimination * Set prices for different groups of consumers: examples? Summary * Profit maximization * Monopoly, perfect competition: two extremes. * Regulation of monopoly: incentives. * Cournot oligopoly: * decide on production, then price determined in market * Cournot ologipolist has monopoly power (p>mc) * Bertrand: * decide on price, then output determined in market; p = mc * Price discrimination * Higher profits * Market power

Impact of Violence in Movies and Video Games on Children

Impact of Violence in Movies and Video Games on Children Television and video games have become more violent in content. We have become desensitized to the graphic violence we are exposed to via television and video games. We have grown so use to viewing media with this type of content that it no longer phases us, and it almost seems normal. Violence can be found in everything from children’s cartoons with violent humor to video games that encourage players to kill opponents to advance to the next level.Studies show that children exposed to violence may be more aggressive. When children view violence as a way to solve problems, it can lead to bullying and an irrational view of how to resolve conflict. Studies have also showed that children exposed to violence can experience anxiety and the perception that the world is an evil place. Expert’s opinions Clearly there is no shortage of opinions on the impact of violent media on children.A report published by the surgeon gen eral back in 2001 pointed to a steady increase in youth violence for a decade from 1983 to 1993 with a quote â€Å"The report found strong evidence that exposure to violence in the media can increase children's aggressive behavior in the short term and concluded: Research to date justifies sustained efforts to curb the adverse effects of media violence on youths. † Surgeon General, 2001, p. 87). 10 years later, the issue and supporting studies have only increased.As one would expect there is an unbalance between information and studies available to compare with the negative impact side acquiring an overwhelming majority. Schneider Family Services Company director, Gina Simmons, states that a 1999 national study reported that an average American child spends 40 hours per week viewing various forms of media like TV, media, and video games. When these children complete elementary school this equates to them having seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of various violence.In addition Simmons references a July 2000 joint statement of six professional associations that concur there are more than 1,000 studies connecting media violence and aggression in children (Simmons, 2008, p. 1). Although Craig A. Anderson, a media violence researcher and a chair of Iowa State University’s Department of Psychology agrees that the abundance of violent video games tend to have negative effects on children’s behavior and states that â€Å"It’s Society, not science, that must decide how to deal with the negative effects of violent video games. † In contrast he also recognizes some positive influences from today’s video games.Anderson recognizes that most interactive games now require and include complex problem-solving skills. As well as referencing a flight simulator game he bought his son, which allowed him to develop skills used in NASA summer camp that amazed the camps staff (Hoerrner & Hoerrner, 2006). Analyzing and Contrasting From the surgeon general noting increases in violence among youth in the late 80s and 90s to a plethora of new studies supporting the same or similar evidence, one may be concerned with the bias that appears to exist primarily on the negative side of the issue.While analyzing deeper, and when looking through one filter, the focus on negativity toward children and media delves deeper. When the 1999 study above is mentioned, the numbers are shocking. The study showed that children spend 40 hours during the week on different forms of media; notably violence, but one has to question if the study would have equated for the abundance of media in society today, and how much media in our lives has skyrocketed. The study not only assumed the viewing amounts within a child's entire elementary cycle but also assumes how many hours of violence a child would likely watch.The reference to one thousand studies on the subject shows how clearly the issue is of concern to parents, teachers, and the futur e of behavioral condition society may have to deal with. What research has limited itself with is discovering the potential positive effects of video games, and violence in media and television. The expert views above indicate Craig A. Anderson may be suggesting strongly that violent media content negatively effects children, but he also points out that items such as interactive games, for instance, do illicit requirements for complex problem-solving skills.These skill types of skills and experiences can be referenced and reflected along with different areas being discussed. Comparing and contrasting the positives and negatives proves to be a harder task when it comes to discovering the positives, but there is a one likely reason. Media pressures developed by existing conditions in society likely form bias’s, which leaves little room for fair, reasonable, and mediated conditions or conclusions for evidence to be properly put forth on either side of the argument.Discovering th e positives resides in the logic of today's children. Children are developing complex problem solving skill sets far beyond those their parents did at the same ages and at faster rates. Studies must reflect the times, and not the basis of the past. Our Opinion Violent movies and video games do have some type of impact on children, but we do not think that it will cause the child to inflict violence on others. We believe that if left alone without proper supervision and guidance, it will have a negative effect.Growing up in a household with family values and ethics will allow the child to have a better understanding of what he or she does and to know the difference between what is real and what is fictitious. Let us focus on the fact that when we were children, we would watch cartoons in which one of the characters would chase the other around with a shotgun, light a stick of dynamite, and place it under their hat. The character would then fall off a cliff, followed by a giant boulde r on the head. In addition playing war games as young boys with the green Army men and simulating an explosion was quite exciting.Blowing the Army men up with firecrackers were all a part of the violent games we played. Shooting a BB gun or slingshot was also another way in which we enjoyed playing in the days before video games. The point we are trying to make is, violence has always been around and most people recognize the difference, and would not go out and inflict violence in the real world. A few mentally disturbed children may not know the difference in between the two, or children who were not taught the difference between reality and make-believe by their parents at an early age.We blame playing too many video games and watching too many movies as a cause of obesity in children, but we also parallel behavioral issues to the same mediums, which are why we should focus more on how children are raised rather than the influential mediums they are faced with. The Impact on Chil dren Though the point may be argued that violence in video games and movies has no effect on children, it is hard to imagine how such imagery cannot influence their actions.Modern video games – with their almost real looking graphics, in-depth story lines, and characters that resemble real people – are quickly approaching the realm of â€Å"virtual reality. † Gone are the days of Mario and Luigi saving the world and the Princess from the evil Bowser as in Super Mario Bros. Video games that are more recent involve stories that require automobile theft, use of illegal weapons, and violent fighting tactics to advance to the next level. These images paint the picture that in order to get what you want in life, you have to take it by force.According to a study done by the Gallup Company in 2003, â€Å"More than 70 percent of American teenage boys have played the violent but popular â€Å"Grand Theft Auto† video games, and they are more likely to have been in a fight than those who have not played† (Berkowitz, 2003). This study seems to provide clear evidence that some children’s real life is influenced by the video games they play at home. Young children are very impressionable and can easily gain a distorted view of reality by participating in these games. Berkowitz, in press) Certain movies are also influencing the actions and behaviors of young children. Parental guide rating systems have been put in place as advisories, though many parents completely ignore them. If a child wants ideas on how to rob a casino, fight, mistreat women, and/or blow something up, all he or she needs to do is visit the local theater. Better yet, the Internet and media companies like Netflix allow children to watch these scenes without leaving their homes.I remember watching â€Å"The Karate Kid† and realizing that martial arts are a means of self-defense and a practice in self-control and honesty. Hollywood’s modern twist makes g un-slinging bandits out to be more hero like and less villain like. The images that these children are seeing on the big screen has the potential to fill their heads with the idea that violence is a useful means to solve ones problems or get what he or she wants. Conclusion Violence is prevalent on television and in video games. The amount of violence children are exposed to via the media has increased.Cartoons feature slapstick characters that use vulgarity and violence as a form of humor. Video games feature graphic war scenarios or bloody street fights that encourage players to kill opponents in order to move to the next level of the game. Studies show children tend to mimic violent behavior when it comes to conflict resolution. The exposure to violence has had an affect on children. The effects range from aggression to various levels of anxiety. The constant exposure to violence often perpetuates that the world is an unsafe place full of mean people.References Berkowitz, B. (in press). Most teens play violent video games, study says. The Washington Post. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from www. lionlamb. org/news_articles/Washington_Post_Grand_Theft. htm Hoerrner, M. , & Hoerrner, K. (2006). Video Game Violence (vol. 15 ed. ). : Child Welfare League of Amreica. Simmons, G. (2008). Does Violent Media Cause Aggression?. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from www. manageangerdaily. com Surgeon General (2001). Youth Violence. Retrieved August 15, 2011, from http://www. surgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/

Hospital sSafety Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospital sSafety - Research Paper Example There are different aspects of hospital safety which can target the healthcare providers or the patient. The main target of the study is the goals to achieve safety of the patients in hospitals. One of the goals in hospital safety is the reduction of health care associated infections which can be considered to incorporate procedures that can lessen such cases. One of the focuses in the issue of hospital safety related to healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is the onset of reporting and the implementation of standards. In the study undertaken by McKibben and colleagues the main goal is to present guidelines on the public reporting of HAI. It can be considered that such issue is important in the improvement of the awareness of the public and in effect the quality of the healthcare that is provided. The said issue then ensures that the health care institutions are putting the safety and the welfare of the patients on their main priority (p. 217). The said study covers the fact that there are reported inadequacies in the methods of reporting which can be related to the need for established guidelines. For that matter, methods were studied and implemented including reports that can be accessed by the public. Such data can be considered to check and verify the integrity of the health care services. Through the action of the Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HIPAC), the studies were undertaken which included empirical set-up to test the procedures that established the said guidelines (McKibben 218-22). Based on the said study, it can be considered that the public reporting which is one of the main guidelines in ensuring the hospital safety related to HAI can either help patients have a higher level of awareness in the quality of healthcare or hinder them to access the healthcare service that they

Critically analyse the courts' approach to the interpretation of the Essay

Critically analyse the courts' approach to the interpretation of the duty of disclosure contained in s.18 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 - Essay Example One of the notable ways in which marine insurance differs from other kinds of contracts is in the difference between the way conditions and warranties are treated. While under contract law, the breaching of a contractual condition can lead to a repudiation of contract but a breach of warranty does not allow such repudiation because a warranty is not fundamental to a contract. With a marine insurance contract however, the conditions are reversed and certain implied warranties, such as ensuring that the ship being insured is sea worthy2, will become as capable of enforcement as a contractual condition, with the provision for voiding of the contract in the event of a breach. Where marine insurance is concerned, the contractual principle underlying such contracts is not that of Caveat Emptor (Buyer Beware) as in the usual contracts, rather these contracts are based upon the uberrimae fides which is the requirement of good faith from both sides, as a result of which all information pertaining to potential risks must be disclosed fully and a failure to do so would be construed as concealment of relevant information, which is a valid ground for an insurer to void an insurance contract. The duties of disclosure are embodied in sections 18 and 19 of the Marine Insurance Act of 1906. Section 18 is primarily concerned with the duty of disclosure that is due from the insured while section 19 concerns the duty of disclosure that fall upon an agent who in involved in the process of getting a party insured. Section 20 underlies the â€Å"expectation or belief† of honesty that is implicit in the duty of disclosure placed upon an insured, so that representations are to be made in good faith.3 Since the question of marine insurance generally arises among parties that are in the shipping business, there is an underlying assumption behind the duty of disclosure wherein the

Planning for Unknowns Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Planning for Unknowns - Essay Example In this case where a major hurricane hit the work site, then it is a good case of unknown â€Å"unknowns† which nobody may have foreseen (or complete uncertainty) and the best way to be able to deal with this type of risk is setting up a contingency budget (Futrell, Shafer, & Shafer, 2002, p. 591). So if this contingency fund is available, then the strategy would be different. A contingency reserve budget will allow for greater flexibility. The plan will be to hire additional workers to beef up the manpower and allow continuously working even at nights so as to make up for the lost time of ten days. This allows for project completion on the original due date but there will be cost overruns because of added manpower but the target date will be met. The reserve budget can pay for the additional workers to accomplish more work output and also pay for extended working time by effectively doubling it by working even at night

Argue for or against the elimination of speed limits Essay

Argue for or against the elimination of speed limits - Essay Example (Reddy) Germany's autobahn is free of speed limits for most of its 12,000 km. The Germans' pride in their free-speed autobahn is wellknown. The autobahn was in the news recently when Greenpeace ctivists put up banners that read "120", demanding a speed limit of 120 km/h on the Autobahn. But the powerful German car makers' lobby disagrees. Car manufacturers argue that emissions from cars are already very low. Limiting the speed has no additional benefit, they say. One car maker went as far as to say that the idea of speed limits was like "hitting the automobile industry between its legs!" (Connolly) This is not surprising, since car manufacturers promote their products as macho machines. Reckless speed is equated to manliness. Their stance that emissions from cars are low does not address the safety issue or the fuel wastage. Predictably, politicians are on the back foot - unpopular decisions are best postponed indefinetely. The public mood in Germany is also said to be one of "anger" - anger at the perceived erosion of their freedom. A strong, sustained campaign targeted at the grass roots is the need of the hour.

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Ten Critical Steps for Risk Managers - Essay Example The ten critical steps that could be taken by the risk managers to prevent losses due to political risk in the country are explained as follows. Firstly, the risk manager should undertake a study of the Mexican markets and the situations of crisis that has been prevailing. The risk manager should undertake an analysis of the political risk in the market and monitor the volatility of the market in order to understand the implications of political risk. Secondly, the demands of the markets and the political interference should be studied in order to prepare a plan for controlling the losses. Thirdly, the manager should engage with local public entities in order to understand the market sentiments in Mexico. Fourthly, the risk manager should hold meetings with the labor unions in order to understand the demands and expectations of the workforce. Fifth, the risk manager should be flexible enough to draw back up plans in case the primary plans fail to mitigate the risks. Sixth, the risk m anager should take support from the management in order to engage with the political representatives and leaders in order to strike a deal to maintain smooth operation of the business in conditions of turbulence. Seventh, the risk manager should propose the management to enter into strategic alliance with local business houses. This step would be crucial in order to restrict the losses due to local and political interferences. Eighth, the risk manager should undertake strategies for political risk insurance of the business in order to cover the exposure as a result of political uncertainty. Ninth, the risk manager should consider the returns in the study of risk. A higher and calculated risk could lead to attainment of higher returns for the risk manager. Thus the risk manager should undertake an analysis of the risk-return trade off. Lastly, the risk manager should be innovative and prompt to react to the political risk exposures and then take necessary steps as there is no single tool for restricting the losses with the continuous change in the markets in a volatile situation. Recommendation: steps to begin an import / export relationship In order to begin an import/ export relationship with Mexico, the following courses of action have been recommended. The recommended course of action not only mitigates the risk but also help to resume international trade, imports and exports with the country. The engagement in to talks and relationships with the government of Mexico may be suggested in order to force a deal of mutual interest between the Mexican government and the trader. However, the relationship ties may weaken with the passage of time and the risk manager would need to be flexible in order to restrict the losses due to political risk. The risk manager may enter into talks with the labor unions in order to negotiate terms for maintaining smooth operations of the business. However, political risk insurance may be recommended that would enable the risk man ager to build confidence of the management due to which relationship of export and import could be started with the country (MIGA, 2011). The risk manager could take necessary actions of engaging into contracts with the local bodies, export credit agencies

Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries Research Paper

Are shcwann cells useful for repairing spinal cord injuries - Research Paper Example The best cells for bridge-building are Schwann cells, because they are easy to get from patients and because they support perfect axon regeneration (Oudega & Xu, 2006). The only problem is that Schwann cells will not mix with the connective tissue cells of the spinal cord, so the bridges will not integrate with the spinal cord. Studies are underway on how to Schwann cells interact with connective tisues cells of the spinal cord and how to get them integrate. Schwann cells are also the cells in peripheral nerves that form myelin sheaths. They are not usually found in the brain or spinal cord where another neurological cell, the ogliodendrocyte, is responsible for making myelin. Researchers have shown that Schwann cells grafted into the brain can myelinate central axons (Oudega & Xu, 2006). When the loss of myelin is an important part of injury, implanting Schwann cells could stimulate remyelination and thereby restore function. Schwann cells, nerve cells and some other cells make proteins known to nourish nerve cells called "growth factors". By introducing these factors into injury sites alone or in combination with grafts, researchers hope to stimulate additional nerve regeneration and promote the health of nerve cells. This approach has been shown to stimulate CNS regeneration, including growth of axons from nerve cells within the spinal cord and those from the brain that send their long axons down the spinal cord. Significant restoration of function has not yet been achieved. Also Pieces of Engineered Neural Tissue (EngNT) are formed by controlling natural Schwann cell behavior in a three-dimensional collagen gel so that the cells elongate and align, and then a stabilization process removes excess fluid to leave robust artificial tissues. These living biomaterials contain aligned Schwann cells in an aligned collagen environment, recreating key features of normal nerve tissue. Incorrect

Literature Review (Topic may be decided by writer) Research Paper - 1

Literature Review (Topic may be decided by writer) - Research Paper Example This paper tends to identify factors that limit the competency of workforce in an organization and suggests ways in which the competency of workers can be enhanced. The needs of workers, if fully met, can play a fundamental role in improving their competency at work. Competency is a very broad term and has been interpreted by philosophers in different ways. Some people have categorized competency into different types; â€Å"The competences required of an occupation include both conceptual (cognitive, knowledge and understanding) and operational (functional, psycho-motor and applied skill) competences† (Deist and Winterton, 2005). Others have resorted to defining the competency itself without any reference to its types. There is little to no consensus upon a unique definition of competency, and people generally vary in their interpretation of competency. Nonetheless, for the scope of this literature review, one definition of competency needs to be chosen from among a vast major ity of sources. In their book, Stern and Kemp (2004) have referred to competency as a product of three traits, which are an individual’s skill or knowledge, motivation and qualities in the personality. For the scope of this research, this definition will be taken forward and factors affecting workers’ competency will be analyzed with respect to their skill, motivation and personality traits. Workers develop their skill as a result of their years of schooling and training that they receive upon a specific field of their choice, that later becomes their profession. Different students get educated in the same educational setup but vary in their knowledge of the subject. This essentially tells that there are one or more than one factors in addition to the years of schooling and training that play a decisive role in the development of skill in an individual. Such factors include but are not limited to a student’s interest in the studies, conflict between the environm ent of school and that of the home, willingness of the parents to get their child educated, affordability of parents, the extent of time a student can dedicate to studies given the responsibilities towards family, and the psychology of the student. All of these factors and many more mutually shape a student’s level of association with studies. In order to make sure that a company benefits from the services of a highly knowledgeable and skilled workforce, the first step management can take is to be very critical in the selection of employees. This requires great contribution of the human resource department in the organization. The selection procedure needs to be very well developed so that a highly skilled workforce is made part of the organization at the outset. Once the workers have been hired, managers can improve their skill by providing them with on-job education and training. This practice has become common in a vast majority of world class enterprises. Development of t he employees’ skill is considered vital in order to gain competitive advantage over contemporaries in the market. A lot of companies make their employees undergo regular training session on the job. Although it does incur the owners some cost in the start, yet the loss is made up in the long run as workers’ competency in work is enhanced and they are able to perform in a better way. Motivation, like competency is also a very broad term. It can be

Theories of Development Essay Example for Free

Theories of Development Essay In my paper, on child development I will discuss three different points of view on cognitive, physical and emotional development. I will write about the three differences and similarities. I will discuss how they have an impact on the way they help in the development of children. I will explain how important child development is in regards to assisting in a child’s potential. I will show the relationship between the developmental domain and the developmental theory. I will focus on all three domains and how they influence each other. Child development is an ongoing process that goes through many complex changes. Children are in a constant state of change from the moment they are born all the way to being a young adult. They develop many characteristics and personalities such as, quantitative changes, and qualitative changes. They area key component in any childs development. There have been many scientific studies on early child development. Many theorists such as, Charles Darwin have studied and devoted a lot of time to the evolution of human development. Scientists, throughout many years have developed three separate domains. In our text, on page nine, they are listed as follows, physical development, cognitive development, and psychosocial development. Physical development is the growth of the body itself. Such as the brain, sensory capacity, and a childs motor skills. Cognitive development is the development of mental ability, learning, memory, language, thinking, moral reasoning, social and emotional growth. Psychosocial development is a pattern of changes in personality, emotions, and social relationships. Scientists categorize all of these different stages of development, but a child is constantly changing. The relationship of these developmental stages all has one common goal, and that is the development of a child into young adulthood. I prefer to use the analogy that a childs development is like a building being constructed. You start with the foundation and over time it grows into a tall, solid structure. As a parent you look at the finished product and you can be proud of the accomplishment. I don’t believe that there is one particular moment in a childs development where you can say it’s definable. It’s an ongoing process or a period of continuous development. Everything in life is a group of sequences and they are usually linked together. There are five major points of a childs development that was written in our texts on page ten. They are the prenatal period. This the period between conception and birth. Then there is the infancy to toddler hood (birth to 3yrs). Then early childhood (ages 3 to 6), middle childhood ages (6 to 11), and finally adolescence, (11 to 20 yrs). This is a very accurate process of the development and changes a child goes through. It really starts to get interesting around the middle childhood ages. This is where social construction comes in. Perceptions are created and assumptions are made by the childs peers. If the family is stable in the home, maintain a loving atmosphere and finances are stable then the child is usually well accepted. This brings me to the topic of the influences that this has on a childs development. Of course every child is an individual and has different family circumstances and environments. A childs maturation is a sequence of behavioral and physical changes. They say girls mature faster than boys. Measuring this process is a topic scientists have debated about for many years. Most believe genetics (heredity) have a lot to do with a childs maturation process. Heredity is basically inborn traits that influence the characteristics of just about every human being from conception to adulthood. Certainly the environment in which a child is brought up in has a considerable affect on a childs development. Socioeconomic status is an area we learned about in our text on pages 13 and 14; The focus was on certain factors such as, a families income, education and occupation. This part of the developmental process can be an advantage or devastating to a childs development. Many people believe if poverty is long lasting it can have a negative affect on a childs behavior and emotional state. In that aspect I agree to a certain extent. I have seen many children come from an impoverished back round and make something of themselves because there family life was strong. Parents can accept their situation or do something to make it better. If the parents are committed to the developmental process of their children it’s a matter of mental strength. Then you have children who come from an upper middle class or rich family and don’t appreciate what they have. Their parents lacked in parental skills and it showed in the way their kids developed. So I tend to think it has a lot to do with the commitment by the parents no matter what environment or socioeconomic status they are in on how their children grow up. I think it is a big mistake to assume or say it’s the norm for a child to develop properly or fail just because of their environment or parents financial status. Sigmund Freud, Erickson, Piaget, and many others have many theories on development. One thing that is perfectly clear is they a have a mutual interaction with each other. I believe the relationship is the evolution. They have many biological perspectives, theories and systems. In order to bring all of these theories together research, whether it is scientific or different perspectives must continue to be done. There are many research methods that are geared toward a childs development. We learned about two such methods and they are quantitative research, and qualitative research. One deals with measurable data and the other interprets nonnumerical data such as feelings and experiences. Research in both of these areas is widely used and provides great insight into a childs development. The difference between the two is that one is done in a controlled environment (quantitative), and the other is conducted in everyday settings, (qualitative). They both have the same common goal, which is to gather information, theorize and examine data. I personally feel like more than one mind is better. Hence the term collaborative research. This particular way of researching was talked about in our text on page fifty-one. Scientists put all their data into a pool and get different ideas and perspectives. This is a good idea and a good way to analyze and research on a broader scale. While going through this class we discussed the negative or positive affects of child care and if it was key in early childhood development. There seems to be a certain time between the ages of six and eleven where a child really starts to establish social skills. Being around other children and learning to implement their cognitive skills is essential to development. Watching how other kids react in certain situations and their behavior helps in the learning process. Piaget believes there are six stages of cognitive development and most environments a child is in all of these approaches can be implemented. Children use their brains to process information, they watch and store things in their memory for later use, and they learn from being stimulated. Processing and evaluating information is a skill they learn to hone as they continue to develop. Some say that even as an infant babies are born with an innate ability to casually reason. Infancy is a time where many emotions are being developed. Babies smile, frown, cry, laugh, and display certain temperaments. These are basic emotions, but these are the first real signs of development in a neurological sense. Infants show other signs of the way they are feeling from facial expressions motor activity and body language. In our text on pages 219 and 220 Carroll Izard wrote about these basic emotions and self conscious emotions. She and her colleagues believed facial expressions such as showing sadness, joy, fear, and interest went along way in understanding the emotional aspects of an infants development. I know as a parent that basic emotions from an infant are really a key component in understanding a babies needs and wants. Infancy is probably the time when development is a critical element. Infants need to be able to trust their caretaker. They have attachment issues and infants can easily become a little disorientated. They start to develop certain temperaments and it can have a direct impact on a parent or parents. Some of these effects can have long term results and lead to anxiety issues. Infants need to feel secure not only around his or her parents but they need the parents to maintain stability in their environment. Stability is important in the bonding process of an infants development. On page 228 and 229 of our text, stability, according to a study on 15 month old children conducted by (Jacobson Hoffman) stated that secure and less stressed toddlers were more varied and had a larger vocabulary. They also have more positive experiences with peers. On the other side of the coin the less secure toddlers showed more fear, anger, and stress. In a perfect world every parent would like the development of their children to go as smooth as possible and all of the researchers, scientists, and theorists will continue to do the best they can at giving parents the tools and knowledge to do the best they can in helping to develop their children. However, they cannot control the environment, social status, or financial status a child is born in to. Conditions change rapidly not only for children but parents as well. Sometimes there can even be internal problems that can affect the development and the relationships between all three domains of development. Yet, all or most of these potential problems can be fixed with one word and that word is stability. In this world we live in all we can ask for as parents is that our children always continue to grow and develop throughout their lifetime. Conclusion Conception all the way to adulthood is a period of great learning and development. Development is a never ending process. We are born, go through life, and then we die. It’s that simple. Life is a series of developments that never truly ends. It starts from infancy to early adolescence. Every stage is a journey, a learning experience, and a series of developments in the maturation of children. Developmental domains and developmental theories help scientists answer many questions in the development of children. As long as we keep making babies we will give theorists and scientists many more things to research and debate on, and as parents we can continue to help develop our children.

Racism Prejudice Crash

Racism Prejudice Crash Crash The movie Crash gives many examples of how racism and prejudice affect nearly everyones lives. . Racism and prejudice surround us. This movie follows people of various races and social classes and details the encounters of these people with each other. It suggests that everyone has to deal with their own racism and prejudice, no matter what their own race, class or ethnicity is. According to Sullivan, racism is the view that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior and that practices involving their domination are therefore justified. Racism from multiple ethnic groups is illustrated many times in the movie Crash. Prejudice is â€Å"an irrational attitude toward certain people based solely on their membership in a particular group,† according to Sullivan. Prejudice is another main theme in the movie. The first example of racism and prejudice in Crash is the character played by Matt Dillon. At first glance, his character seems to be racist because of the way that he was raised by his parents. Dillon exhibited a close bond with his father and later, we discover the roots of his racism. I originally assumed that Dillon was absorbing external cues from his father regarding his attitudes towards black people. It turns out that his father was not racist towards black people. It was Dillon who, in combination with his fathers negative experiences and his own as a member of the LAPD, formed his own perceptions towards blacks. Dillons character looks down on every black person that he encounters, and even uses his power as a police officer to grope a black female in front of her husband, simply because he can. One main example of racism and prejudice occurred at the beginning of the film when the Persian family was attempting to purchase a gun. The clerk at the gun shop made a few blatantly racist comments about the perceptions of the customers. There were several references to the twin towers and planes. It didnt matter that the two were Persian, not Arab. A reoccurring theme was that post 9/11, all Middle Eastern people became potential terrorists. It is amazing that people have the ability to interpret bad events and cast their own prejudices on different ethnic groups to mask their feeling of anger and frustration. Certain stereotypes have stood the test of time, no matter how many strides for racial equality have been made. Sandra Bullocks character made the statement about the relationship between white and black people: â€Å"If a white woman sees two black men walking towards her and turns the other way, shes a racist. Well I got scared and didnt say anything, and the next thing I knew, I had a gun shoved in my head!† Perhaps stereotypes like that have maintained their prevalence because there are so many people that perpetuate them. It is often believed that all young black men are destined to be thugs, criminals and drug dealers. As a young black man, it must be difficult to break free of that stereotype. â€Å"Things will never change.† That attitude along with the perpetuation of existing stereotypes may be largely responsible for negative racial longevity. Ludacris character was one of the most interesting to me. Here was this articulate young black man that spent his life stealing cars from white people. â€Å"Rap music is the music of the oppressor,† he said. It is often easier to blame others for your shortcomings than it is to confront them head on. On the reverse, trouble facing stereotypes can occur anywhere. They are not simply restricted to skin-tone and neighborhoods. Racial discrimination transpires through social class as well. This creates division within the same racial groups. In the film, Cameron was portrayed as a wealthy, black, television actor. He achieved success as a hard working black man, but at what cost? Cameron faced scrutiny from both of his ‘people, namely his wife and from his white producer. It was like a catch-22, if he wanted to be successful, he needed to act like a white man. With that came two major problems. Just because he had a good paying job, he failed to acknowledge that all the money in the world couldnt change the fact that he was, â€Å"Indeed a black man.† Look what happened with the LAPD, they did not care that he was a law abiding Buddhist, he was still black. With the success he had as an actor, it was also possible that he developed a complex, thinking he was entitled to white privileges. As a result of that theoretical complex, he faced a flood of embarrassment, shame, frustration, and anger. We as a society have gotten so emotionally complicated that we have developed a prevalent selfishness and apathy towards understanding others. It is easier to label someone a gang-banger, because it dehumanized them. Snap judgments are often made because we have it all figured out. Everyone is lumped into his or her respective categories and we accept it because things are uncomplicated when everything is in a neat little package. Rather than taking the time to move past initial stereotypes and preconceived notions, we often get it completely wrong. When Sandra Bullock, first saw the Mexican locksmith, she made a snap judgment. â€Å"He is a gang-banger because of his shaved head, prison tattoos and his pants around his ass.† She determined that he was going to sell her house keys to one of his â€Å"homeys.† Contrary to her analysis, he was a soft-spoken, sensitive family man. Bullocks discrimination at the beginning of the film could be interpreted as blatant but somewhat covert. She didnt anticipate that he would hear her comments and if she had, I assume she would have expressed herself in private to avoid the awkward social situation when he left. Regardless, it was wrong and hurtful. The Persian shopkeeper cast a similar first impression based solely on existing stereotypes. He made the false assumption that the Mexican locksmith was a member of some elaborate scheme to rip him off. The shopkeepers brazen ignorance and inability to listen prevented him from hearing valuable information. If he had listened, he would have gotten a new door and thus prevented the vandalism. Neither Bullock nor the shopkeeper took the time to familiarize themselves with him and move past their own prejudices. To them, he was just passing by temporarily to fix the glitch of inconvenience that was disrupting their lives. It is easy to relate the movie Crash to the conflict perspective. According to Sullivan, the conflict perspective is based on â€Å"the idea that society consists of different groups who struggle with one another to attain the scarce societal resources that are considered valuable, be they money, power, prestige, or the authority to impose ones values on society.† This movie fits into this theory because there are many groups (blacks, whites, etc.) that are constantly struggling and belittling each other so that their group can be the one in power. It is this struggle that has created racism, prejudice and stereotypes. Until we as a society can take the time to understand the roots of discrimination and take a good look at our own thought patterns, well never move forward. Films like Crash are forcing us to look outside are own lives and fears, to realize that were more alike than we think. Aside from the 2% genetic differences between us, we all have problems and internal struggles. Thats what makes us human.

The Tragedy Of Hamlet :: Hamlet William Shakespeare

In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the death of a character becomes a frequent event. Although many people lose their lives as a result of their own self-centered wrong-doing, there are others whose deaths are a result of manipulation from the royalty. This is the case of Polonius' family. The real tragedy of Hamlet is not that of Hamlet or his family but of Polonius' family because their deaths were not the consequence of sinful actions of their own but rather by their innocent involvement in the schemes of Claudius and Hamlet. The first character to die in Hamlet is Polonius. Although Polonius often acts in a deceitful manner when dealing with Hamlet, it is only because he is carrying out plans devised by the king or queen to discover the nature of Hamlet's madness. Being the king's Lord Chamberlain, it is his duty to obey the king and queen's wishes and it is this loyalty that eventually proves to be fatal for him. An example of how Polonius' innocent involvement with the royalty results in his death can be found at the beginning of Act III, scene iv, when Hamlet stabs him while he is hiding behind the arras in Gertrude's room. This shows how Polonius, a man unaware of the true nature of the situation he is in, is killed by a member of the royalty during the execution of one of their schemes. This makes Polonius' death a tragedy. The next member of Polonius' family to die is his daughter Ophelia. Ophelia's death is tragic because of her complete innocence in the situation. Some may argue that Polonius deserves his fate because of his deceitfulness in dealing with Hamlet while he is mad, but Ophelia is entirely manipulated and used by Hamlet and the king for their own selfish reasons. An example of how Ophelia is used by Hamlet takes place in Act II, scene i, when Hamlet uses her to convince his family he is mad. Ophelia explains to Polonius how Hamlet has scared her, causing Polonius to draw the conclusion that Hamlet has an "antic disposition". Although this is subject to interpretation and many believe that this is simply Hamlet taking one last look at Ophelia before he becomes engaged in his plan to kill Claudius, the fact that he scares her and does not try to alleviate these fears points to the conclusion that he is simply using her to help word of his madness spread throughout the kingdom via Polonius.

The Paths We Choose Essay -- John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men

To take someone’s life; is it truly wrong? This is not that simple of a question, because every time a life is taken it isn’t out of cold blood. Sometimes it is just the opposite of that thought. The portrayal of George and Carlson in the book Of Mice and Men is of life takers. They differ by moral standings; the bonds they share with the character is life they take, and how take that character's life affects them. While George takes a life out of mercy, Carlson did what he thought was necessary. They made the same decision for different reasons and different understandings of why it had to be done. George is hot tempered older brother figure to Lennie who is a big and gentle but deadly guy; on the other hand, Carlson is a ranch hand with no really close connections. George was asked by Aunt Clara to promise to take care of Lennie. He sees Lennie as a kid brother that doesn’t know any better; George is life bound to Lennie, not just thought the promise he made, but George’s own love for him. When Lennie is sad to calm him down, he invented a story of a ranch with bunnies with the promise that they leave, and go there when they are old. He cares for Lennie so much he starts to believe his own story; Skip town leaves jobs just for Lennie sake. Carlson is a selfish man. If something no longer has a use, he gets rid of it â€Å"that dog was a great sheep dog in it prime† is something Candy would have said to Carlson. If something has no value there’s no need for it to exist anymore. Basically Carlson cutting himself off from others, so he won't get attach ed to them once they are no longer usefully. He will shed them like a snake shad’s skin, but while it may soun... ...f a question, because every time a life is taken it isn’t out of cold blood. As we see with George, your moral character may say that it’s wrong, but if it’s a family member, your brother, your sister, even your best friend who was in trouble, and a group was after them, and there was no other choice: they’re going to die if the group got to them; they were going to be torched. Like Clarkson, we also understand the means of necessity; if something doesn’t work you throw it out, or in his case, kill it. For George taking a life is hard, even harder when the life you’re taking is closer to you, and to put that responsibility in someone else hand is cruel to those you care for .Carlson has no problem with taking life; it is not he doesn’t care about life, just to him it is necessary for life to be taken, and the outcome is not different no matter who pulls the trigger.

Joe Dimaggio Essay -- baseball players

Joe DiMaggio   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joe DiMaggio was one of the best baseball players of all time. He set many records, including the longest wining streak in Major League Baseball history, it lasted 56 games. He came to America as the son of poor Italian immigrants, but grew up to be an American Icon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Joseph Paul DiMaggio was born on November 25, 1914. His parents were Giuseppe Paolo DiMaggio and Rosalie DiMaggio. He had three brothers and three sisters. His brothers were Michael DiMaggio, Tom DiMaggio, and Vince DiMaggio. His sisters were Dominic, Nellie, and Marie DiMaggio. His father was a fisherman, and his family was poor. They lived in an old, small shack. Vince DiMaggio dropped out of high school and turned his back on fishing. He worked at a fruit stand but still had a lot of talent in baseball. He was looked at by semi-pro teams like the Seals. Both of his older brothers played semi-pro baseball for over one hundred dollars a month. He joined the San Francisco Seals and played for them. Joe DiMaggio grew up in San Francisco and went to school there. He was not bad at school through his elementary year but when he got to high school he didn’t fit in. He was a poor son of a fisherman and his schoolmates were higher classed. He dropped out of high school in 10th grade. He worked as a truck loader, and he crated oranges and worked at a factories, but he was not satisfied doing these odd jobs for minimum wage. He thought that being his brothers Tom and Vince played professional ball for the San Francisco Seals he might be able to too. They played for over $100.00 a month. In 1932 he joined the San Francisco Seals. That year he played 186 games with the Seals. That is a huge amount of games for one season. Joe played for the Seals from 1932-35, but made a large impact on major league baseball scouts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In nineteen thirty-five, Joe DiMaggio was invited to go to spring training with the New York Yankees. He met the baseball player Lou Gehrig, and other great ball players. Jerry Coleman, the Yankee’s second baseman, said about Joe, â€Å"Nothing made Joe happier then to do well in a big series and help the club win. He was a winner in the finest sense of the word. He was simply the greatest ball player I ever saw and it’s not easy to carry that burden. Joe carried it with class and dignity.† When the Yankee’s left fielder, Charlie Keller met Joe, he said, â€Å"When... ...ll players of all time. Work Cited Page Internet sources: Vizzuso. Hall of Famer Biographies. [Online] Available http://xroads.virginia.edu/~CLASS/AM483_P7/projects/vizzuso/final.html, April 10, 2000. No author. National Baseball Hall of Fame-Joe DiMaggio. [Online] Available http://www.baseballhalloffame.org/hofers_and_honorees/hofer_bios/dimaggio_joe.html, April 10, 2000. Book sources: Stout, Glen. DiMaggio, an Illustrated Life. New York: Walker and Company, 1995. Outline Joe DiMaggio Controlling Purpose-The purpose about this report is to tell about the life of one of the best baseball players ever, Joe DiMaggio. I- Early Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Birth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Family   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.) School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Elementary School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) High School   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  D.) Jobs II- San Francisco Seals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Getting There   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Career Stats for the Seals III- Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Early Career   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Team Leader   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  C.) Career Stats for the Yankees IV- Family Life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) Marriage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1.) Marilyn Monroe   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2.) Dorothy Arnold   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Children V- After the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A.) After the Yankees   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.) Death   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Aristotle On Plot Essay

In his Poetics, Aristotle considered plot (mythos) the most important element of drama–more important than character, for example. A plot must have, Aristotle says, a beginning, middle, and an end, and the events of the plot must causally relate to one another as being either necessary or probable. Character: A character is a person in a narrative work of arts (such as a novel, play, or film). Derived from the ancient Greek word, particularly when enacted by an actor in the theatre or cinema, involves â€Å"the illusion of being a human person.† The study of a character requires an analysis of its relations with all of the other characters in the work Setting: In works of narrative (especially fictional), the setting includes the historical moment in time and geographic location in which a story takes place, and helps initiate the main backdrop and mood for a story. Setting has been referred to as story world or milieu to include a context (especially society) beyond the immediate surroundings of the story. Elements of setting may include culture, historical period, geography, and hour. Along with plot, character, theme, and style, setting is considered one of the fundamental components of fiction. Dialogue: The conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. A dialogue occurs in most works of literature. Dialogue is a literary and theatrical form consisting of a written or spoken conversational exchange between two or more (â€Å"dia† means through or across) people. Its chief historical origins as narrative, philosophical or didactic device are to be found in classical Greek and Indian literature, in particular in the ancient art of rhetoric. Flashback: Flashback is an interjected scene that takes the narrative back in time from the current point the story has reached. Flashbacks are often used to recount events that happened before the story’s primary sequence of events or to fill in crucial back-story. In the opposite direction, a flash forward (or prolepsis) reveals events that will occur in the future. The method is used to create suspense in a story, develop a character or structuring the narration. In literature, internal analepsis is a flashback to an earlier point in the narrative; external analepsis is a flashback to before the narrative started. In movies and television, several camera techniques and special effects have evolved to alert the viewer that the action shown is from the past; for example, the edges of the picture may be deliberately blurred, photography may be jarring or choppy, or unusual coloration or sepia tone, or monochrome when most of the story is in full color.

Alice Walker Essay

This story is distinctive, however, in that Walker stresses not only the importance of language but also the destructive effects of its misuse. Clearly, Dee privileges language over silence, as she demonstrates in her determination to be educated and in the importance she places on her name. Rather than providing a medium for newfound awareness and for community, however, verbal skill equips Dee to oppress and manipulate others and to isolate herself; when she lived at home, she read to her sister and mother â€Å"without pity; forcing words, lies, other folks’ habits, whole lives upon us, sitting trapped and ignorant underneath her voice.† Mama recalls that Dee â€Å"washed us in a river of make-believe, burned us with a lot of knowledge we didn’t necessarily need to know. Pressed us to her with the serious way she read, to shove us away at just the moment, like dimwits, we seemed about to understand† (50). Dee uses words to wash, burn, press, and shove. We are told that the â€Å"nervous girls† and â€Å"furtive boys† whom she regarded as her friends â€Å"worshiped the well-turned phrase† and her â€Å"scalding humor that erupted like bubbles in lye† (51). It is not surprising, then, that Mama, mistrustful of language, expresses herself in the climactic scene of the story not through words but through deeds: she hugs Maggie to her, drags her in the room where Dee sits holding the quilts, snatches the quilts from Dee, and dumps them into Maggie’s lap. Only as an afterthought does she speak at all, telling Dee to â€Å"take one or two of the others.† Mama’s actions, not her words, silence the daughter who has, up to this point, used language to control others and separate herself from the community: Mama tells us that Dee turns and leaves the room â€Å"without a word† (59). In much of Walker’s work, a character’s dawning sense of self is represented not only by the acquisition of an individual voice but also through integration into a community. Mama’s new appreciation of Maggie is significant because it represents the establishment of a sisterhood between mother and daughter. Just before taking the quilts out of Dee’s hands, Mama tells us, â€Å"I did something I never had done before† (58). The â€Å"something† to which she refers is essentially two actions: Mama embraces Maggie and says â€Å"no† to Dee for the first time. Since we are told that she held Maggie when she was burned in the fire, and since Mama’s personality suggests that she would most likely hug her daughter often, she is of course referring not merely to the literal hug but to the first spiritual embrace, representing her decision no  longer to judge her younger daughter by the shallow standards Dee embodies–criteria that Mama has been using to measure both Maggie and herself up until the climax of the story. When Mama acts on Maggie’s behalf, she is responding to the largely nonverbal message that her younger daughter has been sending for some time, but which Mama herself has been unable fully to accept. Now Maggie and Mama are allied in their rejection of Dee’s attempts to devalue their lifestyle, and their new sense of community enables Maggie to smile â€Å"a real smile, not scared.† Significantly, the story ends with the two of them sitting in silence, â€Å"just enjoying, until it was time to go in the house and go to bed† (59). Ultimately, however. Mama has the last word: it is she, after all, who tells the story. Yet her control over the text is won gradually. Walker employs an unusual narrative structure to parallel Mama’s development as she strengthens her voice and moves toward community with Maggie. Rather than reporting the entire event in retrospect, Mama relates the first half of the story as it occurs, using present and future tenses up u ntil the moment Dee announces her new name. The commentary that Mama makes about herself and Maggie in the first portion of the story is therefore made before the awakening that she undergoes during the quilt episode–before she is able to reject completely Dee’s desire that she and Maggie be something that they are not. Prior to the encounter with Dee over the quilts, although Mama at times speaks sarcastically about Dee’s selfish attitude, she nonetheless dreams repeatedly of appearing on a television program â€Å"the way my daughter would want me to be: a hundred pounds lighter, my skin like an uncooked barley pancake,† wielding a â€Å"quick and witty tongue† (48). Mama’s distaste for Dee’s egotism is tempered by her desire to be respected by her daughter. In part, then, Mama has come to define herself in terms of her failure to meet the standards of what Lindsey Tucker calls a â€Å"basically white middle-class identity† (88)–the white-male-dominated system po rtrayed in the television show. When Mama holds up her own strengths next to those valued by Dee and the white Johnny Carson society, she sees herself as one poised always in a position of fear, â€Å"with one foot raised in flight† (49).

Bus Reservation System Essay

Traveling is a large growing business in Pakistan and other countries. Bus reservation system deals with maintenance of records of details of each passenger who had reserved a seat for a journey. It also includes maintenance of information like schedule and details of each bus. We observed the working of the Bus reservation system and after going through it, we get to know that there are many operations, which they have to do manually. It takes a lot of time and causes many errors. Due to this, sometimes a lot of problems occur and they were facing many disputes with customers. To solve the above problem, and further maintaining records of items, seat availability for customers, price of per seat, bill generation and other things, we are offering this proposal of reservation system. By using this software, we can reserve tickets from any part of the world, via internet. This project provides and checks all sorts of constraints so that user does give only useful data and thus validati on is done in an effective way. 2. INTRODUCTION Our project is to computerize traveling company to manage data, so that all the transactions become fast and there should not be any error in transaction like calculation mistake, bill generation and other things. It replaces all the paper work. It keeps records of all bills also, giving to ensure 100% successful implementation of the computerized Bus reservation system. Our reservation system has three modules. First module helps the customer to enquire the availability of seats in a particular bus at particular date. Second module helps him to reserve a ticket. Using third module he can cancel a reserved ticket. 3. SYSTEM STUDY System study aims at establishing requests for the system to be acquired, development and installed. It involves studying and analyzing the ways of an organization currently processing the data to produce information. Analyzing the problem thoroughly forms the vital part of the system study. In system analysis, prevailing situation of problem is carefully examined by breaking them into sub problems. Problematic areas are identified and information is collected. Data gathering is essential to any analysis of requests. It is necessary that this analysis familiarizes the designer with objectives, activities and the function of the organization in which the system is to be implemented. 3.1. Study of existing system * Existing system is totally on book and thus a great amount of manual work has to be done. The amount of manual work increases exponentially with increase in bus services. * Needs a lot of working staff and extra attention on all the records. * In existing system, there are various problems like keeping records of items, seats available, prices of per/seat and fixing bill generation on each bill. * Finding out details regarding any information is very difficult, as the user has to go through all the books manually. * Major problem was the lack of security.

Literary Analysis on the Giver

Outline for Literary Analysis Paper for English 230 I. Introduction: a. Brief intro to each work—title, author’s full name, and short summary of each b. Topic (relationship with father, violence, colonialism, loss of culture and identity, personal development, role of missionaries, death of innocent, child soldiers, justice, second chances, role of women, voice, native traditions, historical accuracy) c. End with a clearly worded thesis that compares how each of the two works treats the topic. You need to focus your paper as much as possible around this one central thesis. II. Body: a. Use evidence from the novels to support your thesis. You need to present at least three comparative points. b. Use quotes or facts from credible outside sources (not sparknotes, gradesaver, cliffnotes, shmoop, etc. ) to inform your paper. i. Begin with a topic sentence that introduces the comparative point. ii. Incorporate quotations/specific details from each work. If you use quotes from the novel first and then from the other work for the first comparative point, continue to use that same pattern throughout your paper. iii. Include facts or details from sources that relate to the point you are making in the paragraph. Be sure to give the source credit. Follow MLA guidelines. iv. Tie the significance of each quote/paraphrase to your thesis. You can’t just quote from the source and expect the reader to understand why you have quoted that sentence or passage. You have to explain what makes it appropriate and how it fits in your analysis. v. Use a transition to move from talking about one work to the other. III. Conclusion: a. Explain how reading the two works together helps you better understand the topic. . What do you know now that you did not know before? ii. What are you still unclear about? List of Possible Topics for Comparing Flight to Things Fall Apart Tragic heroes Violence Colonialism Masculinity Loss of culture and identity Personal development Role of missionaries Father-son relationship Religion Native traditions Death of innocent Death of innocence Child soldiers War Justice Guilt and forgiveness Second chances Role of women Narrative voice Historical accuracy Revising History Language Choices Importance of the titles The endings Drunken natives NOTES ON QUOTING ? Put the author’s last name and page number or line number in parenthesis after each quote. ? You don’t need to always quote directly; you can paraphrase (put in your own words) the details of a specific scene; however, you will still provide a parenthetical citation. ? If you quote more than three typed lines, you need to indent your quote and you do not need quotation marks unless a character is speaking. ? Write in present tense. For example, Art tells Hank, â€Å"In order to fight evil, sometimes we have to do evil things† (Alexie 56). ? Use variety of present tense verbs when you quote from the literature—acknowledges, agrees, argues, asks, asserts, believes, claims, comments, contends, declares, denies, emphasizes, realizes, notes, insists, etc. REFERRING TO AUTHORS AND TITLES ? The first time you make reference to authors, refer to them by their first and last names: Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart is about a man who strug gles against the changes in his community. ? In subsequent references, use last names only: Even though Achebe’s novel is about a particular political and historical moment, it’s themes are timeless and universal. As a rule, do not use titles such as Mr. or Ms. or Dr. ? Titles of articles, short poems, and short stories are put in quotation marks and the titles novels, long poems, plays, magazines, journals, or newspapers are italicized. ? When introducing quotations from a literary work, make sure that you don’t confuse the work’s author with the narrator of the story, the speaker of a poem, or a character in a play. Instead of naming the author, you can refer to the narrator or speaker—or to the work itself. NAMES IN PARENTHETICAL CITATION You need to use the author’s last name in the parenthetical citation to make it clear which work each quote came from. The first time you quote from a work, use the author’s last name. If your next quote is from the same work, you do not need to use the author’s last name in parentheses, just the page number. But then when you quote from another work, you need to put that author’s last name in parentheses to make it clear that this quote came from a different work. Recommended Resources 1. Books from our library. I put the following selection of books on Reserve at the Sims Memorial Library; the reserve room is on the first floor of the library: Lies My Teacher Told Me : Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong Native Universe : Voices Of Indian America Understanding Sherman Alexie ? When Brer Rabbit Meets Coyote : African-Native American literature 2. The online database Literature Resource Center. To access, log onto Southeastern’s web site and click on Library. Then click â€Å"Find Articles. † Under Databases by Title, click on L-M and then Literature Resource Center. ? Search by author’s last name. Type in Achebe or Alexie. ? Look under the â€Å"Topic and Work Overview† for general information on the works. ? Look at the list on the left for specific topics. 3. Sherman Alexie’s website http://www. fallsapart. com/index. html. (Hey, look. Alexie’s website is titled â€Å"falls apart. †) If you click on academic center, you will find a long list of analysis and criticism available online. 4. Interview with Achebe on Youtube: Part 1 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=iCic_RoPhoM Part 2 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=fl9lE5yN1qY Part 3 http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=QFvPK5Txxd4

Cognitive Processes Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cognitive Processes Paper - Essay Example Some processes result from the conscious mind whereas others are because of the sub-conscious mind (Ohta, MacLeod, and Uttl, 2005). Many cognitive processes affect storage, retrieval, and application of knowledge and information. One of these processes is attention. Attention is the ability to create a total focus or center concentration on one specific thing in the surrounding while ignoring the rest. The ability to pay attention is essential in obtaining details, clear description, and understanding. Without focusing on one thing at time, the human mind wanders to other subjects and may miss important details. Attention allows the brain to see things more vividly and clearly. Studies show that the brain can filter and focus on just one source of data while putting other sources on hold. The sources of data are the five senses. Attention is a cognitive process that one can learn. Majority of individuals have to train their brains on creating a focus to a single source of information at a time. Lack of attention causes the mind to capture fewer details as it divides the focus among the different sources. People with a high degree of attention perceive maximum details from the data source. There are different types of attention exhibited at different times. An individual working on a task for a long time will require sustained attention. An individual exercising sustained attention does not take breaks from the assignment at hand but keeps concentrating on it. An individual can learn this type of attention over time. At other times, an individual exercises selective attention. He or she must choose to stay on the task even when there are sources of possible distractions. The individual chooses to put the distractions on hold to attend to the task. Different circumstances force an individual to consider distractions passive and concentrate on the task actively. Some individuals can exercise divided attention while handling multiple tasks. Whether the

Compare two ethical principles (Dawn) Assignment

Compare two ethical principles (Dawn) - Assignment Example As per (University of Washington,1998) â€Å"In the course of caring for patients, there are some situations in which some type of harm seems inevitable, and we are usually morally bound to choose the lesser of the two evils, although the lesser of evils may be determined by the circumstances†. When we think about the other ethical principle, it can be detailed as beneficence where in nurses are obliged to do good for their patients and have the duty not to do any harm to them during the course of treatment .As per (Pentilat,2008) â€Å"Beneficence is action that is done for the benefit of others. Beneficent actions can be taken to help prevent or remove harms or to simply improve the situation of others†. Interestingly enough, our duty to do good for our patients can also interfere with our duty to do no harm†. The application of these principles is to protect the patient and help them lead a comfortable life. As per (Runzheimer,2013) â€Å"All healthcare providers must strive to improve their patient’s health, to do the most good for the patient in every

Care plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Care plan - Essay Example After her diagnosis of the aforementioned health problems, she also lost her income source. At a certain instance, she was identified to have experienced a fall and was lying in her kitchen for approximately forty-eight hours, as reported by her neighbour. Her records also depict that she has a daughter who used to visit her twice in a month. In lieu of this case study, the discussion henceforth will aim at developing a care plan with the objective of offering elderly people with adequate assistance on the grounds of sociability, depression, physical health problems, loneliness and other health related issues. In accordance with the case, the healthcare facility will majorly aim at offering Mrs. Jones with healthcare services in relation to her risk of short term health troubles such as cold (hypothermia), constipation and fear of mobility. Notably, with this concern, due significance will be rendered towards implementing the guidelines suggested by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) and by using the Roper, Logan and Tierney (RLT) activities of living model. Assessment In nursing, there are many conceptual models which provides the basic framework in accordance with which nurses should evaluate and formulate plans as well as implement those plans with the objective to offer the patients with better care facilities and services (Nicol, 2013; Timmins & McCabe, 2008). Roper, Logan and Tierney (RLT) Activities of Living Model The RLT model has been formulated with the aim of supporting elderly people with adequate care and improving their psychological as well as physical conditions to enjoy a healthy living. Nurses, with the assistance of RLT model, are quite likely to be facilitated with the opportunity of offering individualised care services to ageing people (Nicol, 2013; Coyne & et. al., 2010). Additionally, this model has been undertaken with the intention of determining the issues or problems which are faced by Mrs. Jones. This model will aid nurses in offering adequate and effective services to the patient with the aim of improving her health problems as well as psychological conditions (Timmins, 2005). A problem solving approach has been adopted likewise, with the intention of devising appropriate care services. There are five concepts under this model which include the following: The 12 Activities of Living (ALs) The 12 activities of living signify the activities which are executed by every individual, irrespective of the individual’s health conditions. The 12 activities have been presented in the diagram below: Roper, Logan and Tierney’s activities of living (ALs) Source: (Dingwall, 2010) The influence of lifespan (age) The component implies that individuals pass through development phase from conception to death. The individuals throughout their life span are determined to witness and adapt change in their physical, social as well as cognitive developments (Dingwall, 2010; Singh & Misra, 2009). Accordingly, it c an be observed from the case scenario that Mrs. Jones is a widow of eighty years of age and used to reside lonely in her home. However, prior to her diagnosis from frequent fall and severe osteo-arthritis, Mrs. Jones used to visit social club to play Bingo with her next door neighbour. The influence of the dependence-independence continuum The dependence-independence continuum assists in determining the activities which are carried out by individuals. The activities of individuals are based on

Risk Involved In Investment And Portfolio Management Essay

Risk Involved In Investment And Portfolio Management - Essay Example It is natural because investors perceive much risk to be involved in investments such as bonds and stocks they are willing to expect more return on them. Stocks and bonds are considered more risky because they involve several elements that may change with time due to uncontrollable factors such as price, interest rates, inflation etc. The most important thing with respect to any investment is the level of certainty with respect to the recovery of principal amount invested. Stocks and bonds are different with regard to risks that are confronted by investors from time to time. Stocks or bonds are both issued by corporations at different times to raise long-term finance for their business but their treatment is different. Stock is regarded as equity capital whereas bonds are considered as borrowed capital or external funds. Stock investors become owners of the company and bondholders become creditors. Owners i.e., stockholders therefore perceive more risks pertaining to the recovery of their principal amount because in case if company defaults they would be given less priority over bondholders on the company's assets. Gibson (2000, p58) elaborates that, "because the bondholders and other creditors of a corporation have a prior claim to the corporation's revenues and assets, common stock shareholders are said to have a residual ownership interest". Also the returns to stockholders are not guaranteed but bondholders are entitled to receive a fixed rate of guaranteed return. Therefore, in this view, investment in stock is riskier than bonds. There are various aspects that determine the risks involved in investing into corporate bonds and securities. Bodie (1995, p21) says that, "with real bonds, the investor...This paper provides an overall introduction to risk and various elements that add to the risk associated with a certain type of investment. This paper also illuminates the effectiveness of portfolio management to eliminate the risks that are confronted by investors while maximising the returns on investment. In investment management, risk is often equated with the uncertainty (variability or standard deviation) of possible returns around the expected return. Risk is the capability of pointing out possible outcomes and their probabilities without being sure as to which will happen. It is the extent and possibility to which expected returns vary in response to several factors. Investors block their money in certain assets such as stock and securities as well as liabilities such as bonds in anticipation of certain return with less exposure to risk factors. Different types of investments contain different levels of risk that also correspond to the return expected by investors. Investments such as government bonds and securities bear no risk to the investors therefore provides less return to the investors. Bonds are categorised as liabilities and therefore bear a legal guarantee for investors to receive their invested amount even if the company goes bankrupt. There are other factors also that make investment in bonds and shares risky such as interests rates and inflation. An investor can greatly minimise the risks associated with investments by means of portfolio management.

Korea impacted by cold war, changes of the country 1991-2014 Assignment

Korea impacted by cold war, changes of the country 1991-2014 - Assignment Example In terms of economics, the greatest change was that South Korea came to integrate with the global economy to a more full and complete degree. As a result of the continual threat of invasion and the protective shield the United States provided, South Korean markets were almost entirely restricted to US export. Although this was not based on extant treaty obligations, it is clear and apparent that the United States sought to defray the massive cost of having a military presence in South Korea by essentially creating a captive market for American products and a captive market for most exports (Ginsberg, 2014). Societal changes that have taken place within Korea are mainly contingent on the societal changes that globalization has provided over the past several decades. Essentially, recognition of the fact that Korean culture is unique but not the only means by which social norms should be constructed has come to play a primary role with respect to the way in which individuals live their lives, order their families, and seek to deport themselves (Dong-Hoon & Jungmin, 2014). Changes to expectations of morality and other issues pertaining to the way in which the average Korean lives their lives have also fundamentally changed as a result of the fact that after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War there has been a much lower focus on the need for upholding existing tradition. Whereas this is not to say that tradition does not play a valuable role in the life of the average Korean, its prominence now as compared to 20-30 years ago is most demonstrably diminished. Of all of the changes that have been effected, the area of gender roles are likely the most recognizable shift that has taken place since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War. With the impact of globalization and western norms that flooded South Korea as a result of this geo-political shift and the increased

Assessment on Newsweek Claims on increase in violent behavior of girls Essay

Assessment on Newsweek Claims on increase in violent behavior of girls - Essay Example In 2003, the Federal Bureau of Investigation reports 378,895 instances of arrests in female groups under the age of 18 (fbi.gov, 275). The majority of these crimes included property crimes, larceny and various assaults (fbi.gov). With theft or damage to another’s property topping the list of crime varieties for this group, it might suggest that there is a trend toward materialism, essentially wanting more than their financial means can provide them, therefore they lash out at others who have more than they do. Even though this is not described as a probable cause in the article, the arrest rates for these types of crimes show a trend in theft and property damage that cannot be ignored. This could be caused by the high level of merchandise availability in retail stores versus their own socio-economic status, leading to aggressive behavior in an attempt to procure a better lifestyle through theft. â€Å"Children who are exposed to violence undergo lasting physical, mental, and emotional harm. They suffer from problems with attachment, anxiety, or depression† (ncjrs.gov, 1). Violence exposure can occur within the household, in the school environment, or virtually any other location where the child is present and violence continues to occur. These negative emotional outcomes, such as problems with social attachment, cause further problems such as dating violence, delinquency or ongoing victimization of others (ncjrs.gov). Viewing images of violence in every lifestyle shows a strong linkage between emotional stability and the child’s ability to rationalize their own aggressive behaviors. There is a theory in childhood development that suggests many children model the same behaviors they witness others displaying, especially if they see these behaviors being rewarded. In an environment where a parent continuously expresses violence toward others and the female child witnesses other adult peers applauding these behaviors, the

Inherit the Wind Movie Analysis Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Inherit the Wind Analysis - Movie Review Example There is considerable evidence suggesting that the film is not only biased but rather highly biased in its intent. That is to say, there was no fairness in the elements of the trial. This is because the inaccuracies are systematic and of the kind presenting consistent biases against a particular class of people and what they believe in. For instance, prior to the trial, no one outside the school cared what Scope taught in school, and he maintained to his death that he never taught evolution but rather reviewed the students for their final examinations. Drummond, the defense lawyer argues for the issues of belief as he chose to defend the accused from being prosecuted. It was not fair that none of Drummond’s expert witnesses were allowed to testify in court as this undermines the need for a fair trial. Cates wins over the audience by claiming that the students placed on the stand could not remember what he taught three months age as they were coached by the lawyers. Cates even declined to say a word until the Supreme Court passes his appeal claiming that his lawyer would kill him if he does so (de Camp 432). Contrary to the film, it should be emphasized that scope was never jailed for teaching evolution as he was immediately released on bond. The film tries to invoke sympathy in portraying Cates as a prisoner, a man prosecuted for his beliefs by the fundamentalists. De Camp (490) claims in his book that the trial was not a witch hunt as the accused and the defendants, the witches, were the hunters who were stocking the law with an aim of making it unenforceable (de Camp 490). A state law against the teaching of any idea or hypothesis undermines the purpose of education as students are meant to be enlightened about the universe.     

Minimum wage Essay Example for Free

Minimum wage Essay While poverty continues to increase in several areas of the world, economist tries their best to find a way to offer a feasible solution. One of the most common answers that can ordinarily be found in economical debate would be the issue of the establishment of a minimum wage. Setting a minimum wage is a policy tool that ought to increase the income of the working class in a certain community or country. Seemingly this premise gives the minimum wage policy easy to understand. Ideally, an increase in the minimum wage results to an increase in income that is suppose to alleviate low income households into a higher social status. In fact, this policy tool has been commonly used to alleviate poverty levels in the third world countries. Most regions in the Latin America adopted this policy sometime in their past. Nonetheless its positive and negative effects are still subject to careful analysis and thoughtful criticism. This paper would focus on the effect of an increase in minimum wage on different countries primarily between a first world and a third world country. In doing so, the paper would attempt to review the literature presented by Gindling and Terrell (2007) along with the data’s gathered by Powers. From such literature I have gathered the importance or the role of unemployment rate on the changes in poverty level. The several discussions shall be related to the surveys, theoretical models and data’s that are gathered as of June 2007. The econometric analysis that would be use would also be based on the regression that was formerly made by Powers. Literature Review From the different articles that flooded the economic circle, there were several debates that concerned the utility that could be derived with the implementation of minimum wage. The proponents of the positive impacts of an increase of the minimum wage in reducing low income household according to the study made by Gindling and Terrell believes that it would only be effective and limited in the formal sector. Those who compose this â€Å"formal sector† are the employees who receive more than or equal to the minimum wage. Those people that argue against the minimum wage does so under the assumption that the market and economy today is highly affected by a close competition brought about by globalization. In line with this, the current governments would be required to create the most attractive business milieu for the investors. Thus, the government, most especially of the â€Å"developing country† would most likely impose lower minimum wages or might even argue to abolish it (Lee, 2002). In a brief discussion, a minimum wage implies a law that was legislated in order to ensure that worker/s will receive a minimum amount of payment for a certain amount of performance made. This law was created in able to protect the workers, most especially those who low income earners from possible exploitation and abuse from their employers. Most of the low wage earners were composed of unskilled laborers and have mostly received low level of proper education, if any. At the same time, insuring that this type of workers will receive a minimum wage would result to a lower level of poverty. This will be the case since it is standard that upon setting the minimum wage factors such as the daily living standards of a person and the purchasing power are taken into consideration. Such procedures would make a minimum wage law more effective and beneficial for the worker/s. Gindling and Terrell in their study of the situation of the economy of Honduras provided insights regarding the different factors that may affect the family income. The first thing that they believed that one should consider in instituting a minimum wage would be the person/s that the policy will apply. The person/s involved and the labor market in which they belong are important in the considerations since the more competitive a market is, the higher the unemployment rate it will produce. It is important to note because the demand for labor usually determine the number of person that shall be displaced upon the possible increase in the minimum wage. The second factor would be on the possible effect of the minimum wage changes on the workers that are not cover with the implementation of such policy. This is important to note since those people who would lose their job because of the increase in minimum change increases the available supply of labor in the sector that was not covered by minimum change. Such sector includes self-employed individuals or individuals who are underpaid. Factors Affecting Minimum Wage  Another factor that Gindling and Terrell believe to create an impact on the family income is the social status in which the family belongs. The increase in minimum wage is meant to reduce poverty. Nonetheless, the families that might have been affected by the changes in minimum wage might not be included in the families along or under the poverty line. This is an important factor since it would determine if the increase in minimum wage would have an impact on the middle class or the lower class. If the minimum wage increase would affect only or greatly on the middle class, the gap between the middle and the lower class would inevitably widen. The last thing to consider would be the view that a society takes regarding what a minimum wage shall cover. In some cases the minimum wage is based on the worker family’s basic need. In other society the worker’s personal basic needs is the one which is considered. Thus, in effect, it would be relevant to consider the number of the working member in the family or the number/s of bread winner/s. Effects of Minimum Wage The effects of a minimum wage depend upon the household and the family that responds to the requirements of the labor market. A family might be able to benefit in an increase of minimum wage if there are two or more members of that family that are would receive or affected by the increase in minimum wage. Nonetheless, if instead of gaining from the minimum wage increase, some earners in the family was removed from the job resulting from the laying off of workers that company resulted into, to be able to effectively provide other workers with a minimum wage without decreasing the company income. The family would suffer more poverty than they have experienced before. The effects of minimum wage also differ with respect to gender, age and ethnicity. More often than not women due to their high expense, having more leaves and being more prone to illness due to a â€Å"weaker body structure† are more susceptible than man when lay offs occur. Thus, for those families that are single handedly supported by a female, an increase in minimum wage is not actually good news. Also, people who are already approaching their golden age or those who are closing to retirement age are usually subjected to layoffs since they are considered to be less productive than the young ones. Lastly, there are areas were ethnic discrimination is still an issue. Problems with Minimum Wage According to the research made by Gindling and Freeman, the main objective of creating a minimum wage is not to decrease the number of employment; it is actually to equally distribute income to the low wage earners. The cost cutting procedure that usually resulted as an effect of the increase in minimum wage cost the job of the workers more prominently those who are in the bottom ladder of production. Since these people do not have enough skills, experience and education, they would find it very hard to look for a new job. In such case, instead of alleviating poverty, the increase in minimum wage results to an increase in poverty. In the view of Richard Berman, the government upon imposing the law on minimum wage increase imposes such command to the employers on how much they should give. However, the government does not have the authority to command the employers regarding who are the people that should and should not be hired. Such situation is what causes the employers to layoff the less productive workers. It also made them employ less people and employ only those who posses more than enough qualification that would fit for the job and for the wage. The drastic effect that such situation results into is a little bit complicated. First and foremost the amount of available employment would be greatly reduced. With lesser opportunity for those who does not have jobs and with an additional number of unemployed produced from the layoffs, unemployment would greatly increase. In the long run the family of those who are unemployed would suffer lower income and would fall under or stay under the poverty line. Another effect would be on how employers would choose their employees. Since employees cause more, aside from a reduction in the number of employees, as explained above, employers would also tend to increase their qualifications for possible employees. Thus, employers would tend to hire people who are better qualified, that is that they have attained higher level of education and/or skilled. Those who includes in the highly educated employees are usually compose of the younger generations. Also, one cannot expect someone below the poverty line to get the best education available since it is most like that higher education is expensive. The skilled laborers on the other hand are only a few and would more or less attain some degree of education. This leaves the adult unskilled worker/s less preferable for a usual low wage job. With this in mind, one could assume that the probability of unskilled adults to work on jobs that would be affected by the increase in minimum wage, very low. It is more likely that would seek and settle to an underpaid job to be able to somehow support themselves and their family or they might not work at all. What may follow is a further increase in poverty, rather than a reduction. Another possible scenario involves chances of higher prices in commodities. As a usual flow in economics, the expenses that were received by the company would be passing on to their consumers in able to maximize profit. Sometimes this kind of reaction may lead to a lower quality in the services and the products produced by the company. Further more, the employers might ask the employees to work for much longer hours and workers might be subjected to a low quality of working environment with additional task. Minimum Wage and Poverty in the United States According to Gindling and Terrell (2007), using the study that was conducted by Blackburn and Addison in 1999, an increase in the minimum wage had a positive effect on the level of junior high school dropouts from 1983 to 1996. This can somehow be interpreted that less junior high school and teenagers stop from schooling in able to help their parents earn family income or that there have been more students who are able to continue going to school. Neumark and Wascher in 2002 conduct a study through the use of US CPS data. Their research demonstrates that an increase in the minimum wage both have a positive effect on the probability of families to fall into poverty and to escape poverty. The impact of the Neumark and Wascher study is that there is a redistribution of income among the poor.